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Is the Hadith describing “ك ف ر” written on the Dajjāl’s forehead influenced by earlier Christian apocalyptic traditions?

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In early Christian apocalyptic literature, particularly the treatise "A Discourse on the End of the World and on Antichrist" (often attributed to Pseudo-Hippolytus), the number 666 is sometimes interpreted not as a personal name, but as symbolizing the act of denying Christ. In the pseudo-Hippolytus tradition, 666 has been linked to the Greek word arnoume (ἀρνοῦμε), meaning “I deny,” using a particular isopsephic spelling variant. In Islamic eschatology, several narrations found in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim describe al-Masīḥ al-Dajjāl as having the letters “ك ف ر” (kāf–fā’–rā’)(disbeliever) written on his forehead, readable by every believer. My questions are: How do contemporary Muslim scholars respond to claims that this hadith may have been influenced by Greco-Christian apocalyptic writings? Also how the reassess the reliability and authenticity of this hadith from above concerning perspective?
Asked by Mahir Mahbub (43 rep)
Mar 2, 2026, 09:24 PM
Last activity: Mar 3, 2026, 05:27 AM